##

TABLE OF CONTENTS

###

Home Page (as appears in the Internet version)

> Homepage

###

Foreword

> Dedication and Foreword

###

Overview of Remote Sensing

> Overview; Quiz

###

Introduction: Theoretical, and Technical Perspectives of Remote Sensing; Special Applications

> The Concept of Remote Sensing

> Geophysical Remote Sensing: External Fields; Magnetics / Geophysical Remote Sensing: Gravity / Geophysical Remote Sensing: Crustal Dynamics; Seismology

> The Electromagnetic Spectrum: The Photon / Transmittance, Absorptance, and Reflectance / The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Distribution of Radiant Energies / Spectral Signatures

> Sensor Technology

> Interpretation and Classification of Remotely Sensed Data

> History of Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Systems:

> In the Beginning / Table: History of Remote Sensing into the 1970s/ Multispectral Images / Film as a Recording Medium / Color & False Color Composites / Apollo 9 Multispectral Images / Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) / Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) / A Landsat Image / MSS Histograms / Table: Best MSS Bands for Identifying Surface Features / Thematic Mapper (TM) / Examples of TM Imagery / Other Remote Sensing Systems: MOMS and SPOT / IRS-1, JERS, RESURS, OKEAN, CBERS, and MicroSat (AlSat-1) Series / Hyperspectral Imaging / Radar and Thermal Systems / Meteorological, Oceanographic, and Earth Systems Satellites / The Commercialization of Space / The Systems (Multisource) Approach to Remote Sensing / Military Intelligence Satellites / Medical Applications of Remote Sensing
> Concluding Remarks

###

### Section 1: Image Processing and Interpretation - Morro Bay, California

Morro Bay, California in context; TM Band 3 Image of Morro Bay / Ground and Aerial Photographs of Morro Bay area / Thematic Mapper Bands / Analysis of the Morro Bay Scene / Mystery Feature / Band Information Characteristics / False Color View / The Mystery Feature up Close / True Color View / Other Color Combos / Prelude to Computer Processing; Preprocessing / Contrast Stretching and Density Slicing / Spatial Filtering / Principal Components Analysis / Ratioing / Unsupervised Classification / Supervised Classification / Minimum Distance Classification / Maximum Likelihood Classification / FIRST EXAM

###

### Section 2: Geologic Applications I - Stratigraphy & Structure

General Background / Some General Concepts underlying the Science of Geology / Using Landsat for Geological Studies / Geologic Map of Waterpocket Fold / Specialized Images of Waterpocket Fold / Maximum Likelihood Classification of the Waterpocket Fold / Geologic Folds in General / Recognition of Faults & Joints / Lineaments & Fractures / Several Case Studies of Fracture Analysis

### Section 3: Vegetation Applications - Agriculture, Forestry, and Ecology

General Principles for Recognizing Vegetation / The SPOT Satellite; Kenya & Rift Valley of Africa / South West Kansas, U.S.A. and Morocco / The Vegetation Index: Africa and other Scenes / Forest Applications; Amazon Rain Forests; Deforestation / Ecological Damage: Natural and Manmade

###

### Section 4: Urban and Land Use Applications - From Los Angeles to Beijing

Los Angeles, San Diego, Tucson, Las Vegas, and Honolulu / New York, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Dallas-Fort Worth and St.Louis / The U.S. Capital: Washington D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA / Buenos Aires; Paris, France; Munich, Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Florence, Italy; Riyahd, Saudia Arabia; Beijing and Shanghai; China / Dallas-Fort Worth, First MSS Landsat (ERTS) Scene; Archaeological Studies

###

### Section 5: Geologic Applications II - Mineral & Petroleum Exploration

Geological Setting at White Mountain, Utah / Ratio, PCA & Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Utah Site / The Goldfield, Nevada Study / Finding Oil & Gas in Oklahoma

###

### Section 6: Space Flight Across the U.S - Boston to Denver to San Francisco; Landsat Tours the World

The U.S. Flight: General Background / Boston, MA / Pennsylvania, Appalachians / Chicago, Illinois / The Kansas Great Plains / Denver, Colorado, and Front Range / Four Corners - Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah / Nevada: the Basin and Range / San Francisco Bay Area, California; the West Coast / GEOGRAPHY QUIZ GAME / Canada / Central and South America / Europe (including Rome) / Middle East and Africa / Asia / Australia and New Zealand

###

### Section 7: Regional Studies - Use of Mosaics from Landsat

How Mosaics are Made / Photographic, MSS, and DEM Mosaics of parts of the Western U.S. / MSS Mosaic of the U.S.A., Alaska, Mexico; International Mosaics

###

### Section 8: Radar and Microwave Remote Sensing

Radar Defined / How RADAR works / Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Nigeria/Cameroon / Foreshortening and Layover; Effect of Illumination Direction / Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Polarization; Radar Penetration / Seasat Images / SIR-A, -B, and -C on the Space Shuttle; TOPEX/Poseidon; Radarsat, ERS, ALMAZ, and JERS / Passive Microwave; Lidar

###

### Section 9: The Warm Earth - Thermal Remote Sensing

Planck Blackbody Law / The Wien Displacement Law and Emissivity Effects / Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Inertia Defined / Diurnal Heating Effects / Thermal Properties of Water; Thermal Sensors / White Mountain Thermal Features; Lakes Erie/Ontario TM Band 6 / Death Valley TM Data; Mauna Loa, Hawaii, TIMS Data / The Heat Capacity Mission; Weather Satellites / Thermography; Night Vision

###

### Section 10: Aerial Photography as Primary & Ancillary Data Sources

Elements of Aerial Photography / The Photographic Process / Photogrammetry

###

### Section 11: The Earth's Surface in 3D - Stereo Systems and Topographic Mapping

Ways to Characterize the Earth's Surface in Maps / The Display of Contours / Seeing in Stereo / Measuring Heights from Individual and Paired Images / Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Viewing Modes / The GPS System / Altimetry / Radar Stereo/Interferometry / Stereo Pairs from Space / Additional Examples of Stereo from Space / The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

###

### Section 12: The Human Remote Senser in Space - Astronaut Photography
Guest Writer: Dr. Paul D. Lowman Jr.

Mercury and Gemini / Apollo Photography / Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz / Shuttle Photography; Kosmos / A Gallery of Photos from Space

###

### Section 13: Collecting Data at the Surface - Ground Truth; The "Multi" Concept; Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy

Rationale for Surface Observations / Training Sites; Mixed Pixels / Accuracy Assessment / Field Instruments and Measurements; Data Collection Platforms / The "Multi" Concept: Multiplatforms and Multilevels / Multisensors/ Multitemporal Coverage; Kuwait Study/ The "Multi" Concept: A Case Study of Mt. Etna in Sicily/ Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy /Principles of Spectroscopy / Absorption Processes / Factors that Modify or "Confound" Spectral Curves; Data Analysis / AVIRIS and other Imaging Spectrometers / Examples of Imaging Spectrometer Products; Multisensor Analysis

###

### Section 14: The Water Planet - Meteorological, Oceanographic and Hydrologic Applications of Remote Sensing

Hydrologic Cycle; Meteorological Satellites (General) / Meteorology - Weather and Climate: A Primer / Metsat Instrumentation: AVHRR / Atmospheric Sounders; Classes of Metsats / TIROS and Nimbus / ESSA, DMSP, SSM/I, TRMM / NOAA Series / Geostationary Satellites; GOES; Insat, Meteosat; GMS / International Meteorological Satellites / / ERBS, UARS; ADEOS / Hurricane Andrew; 1993 Storm of the Century / Oceanographic Observations; El Niño / Seasat; TOPEX-Poseidon; NSCAT; SeaWinds / CZCS; SeaWiFS / Ice Monitoring / Hydrologic Applications: Drought, Snow Cover; Flooding / Hydrologic Applications: Mapping Floods

###

### Section 15: Geographic Information Systems - The GIS Approach to Decision Making

> Maps and Attributes / Data Elements and Models / GIS Defined / A GIS Case Study in Africa / Decision Making; Suitability Determination / Conducting a GIS Analysis / The PP&L Siting Problem / A GIS/Remote Sensing Case Study in Archaeology: Burgundy, France / References

### Section 16: Earth Systems Science - Earth Science Enterprise and the EOS Program
Guest Writer: Dr. Mitchell K. Hobish

Overview of ESE and EOS; Global Changes / Possible Degradation of the Earth's Atmosphere / Earth System Science / Earth System Cycles / National and International Programs / Mission to Planet Earth / EOS Platforms/Sensors; Mission Profiles / Data Handling: EOSDIS / Terra is Now Operational; MODIS and MISR / Terra is Now Operational: ASTER, MOPITT, and CERES / Aqua is Now Operational; Envisat / Satellite Formation Flying; NPOESS / Background Readings

###

### Section 17: Use of Remote Sensing in Basic Science Studies I - Mega-Geomorphology

MegaGeomorphology Defined; Geomorphic Maps / "Geomorphology from Space" / Tectonic/Volcanic Landforms / Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms / Karst/Lacustrine/Aeolian/Glacial Landforms / Terranes as Terrains: The Klamath, Oregon Study / The Klamaths from Space / Terranes in TM Imagery; Ridges and Elevations / Geomorphic Parameters from Maps / Summary of the Klamath Terrane Project

###

### Section 18: Basic Science II: Impact Cratering

> Distribution of Craters / Cratering Mechanics / Crater Morphology / Shock Metamorphism / Remote Sensing of Craters

### Section 19: Planetary Remote Sensing - The Exploration of Extraterrestrial Bodies

Remote Sensing Techniques / Planetary Parameters / Pre-Apollo Exploration of the Moon / Early Spacecraft Visits to the Moon / Unmanned Lunar Landers; Lunar Stratigraphy / The Apollo Program - Man on the Moon / Apollo Instrument Experiments / Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration / Mercury and Venus / The Magellan Mission / Mars; The Red Planet / The Martian Atmosphere; Ice at the Poles / Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, and Impact Craters; Exotic Terrains; Martian Stratigraphy / Life on Mars; Resumption of Martian Exploration; Future Plans for Mars; The Martian Satellites / Overview of the Outer Planets / Jupiter / The Galilean Satellites / Saturn and Its Moons / Uranus, Neptune and Their Satellites / Asteroids and Comets / Comet Shoemaker-Levy

###

### Section 20: Astronomy and Cosmology: The Description, Origin, and Development of the Universe

> Preface (including a review of Relativity and Quantum Physics) / Origin and Early Development of the Universe; Big Bang Eras; Expansion of Space / The Hubble Space Telescope; Galaxies / Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range. / Special Features of Galaxies: Colliding Galaxies; Galactic Gases; Starbursts and Active Galactic Nucleus / Birth, Life, and Death of Stars / Novae and Supernovae; Pulsars, Quasars, and Black Holes; Gamma Ray Bursts; and Colliding Stars / Spectral Analysis of Star Composition; Element Synthesis in Stars / Space-Time and Expansion / Evidence for the Big Bang; the Redshift; Galactic Distances; Age of the Universe; Cosmic Background Radiation; Expansion Models; Dark Matter and Energy / Recent Innovations about the Concept of "Universe": Dark Energy and an Accelerating Universe?; Varieties of Universes (Multiverses); Philosophical Implications / Origin of Planetary Systems/Some Additional (Metaphysical) Comments / Letters by N.M. Short regarding Creationism and Intelligent Design

###

### Section 21: Remote Sensing into the 21st Century
Guest Writer: William E. Stoney

Outlook for the Future; FINAL EXAM / Exam Questions / Exam Answers

###

### Appendix A: Modern History of Space
Guest Writer: J. Rosalanka

> The 1970's
> Introduction / American Space Policy / American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations / Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs

> The 1980's
> Introduction / American Space Policy / American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations / Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs

> The 1990's
> Introduction & American Space Policy/ American Civilian Space Program (NASA) / American Military Space Program: Initial Military Operations / Russian Space Program / European, Asian, and Commercial Space Programs

### Appendix B: Interactive Image Processing
Guest Writer: J. Love

> Introduction / The Nature of Satellite Digital Data / Digitization / Image Processing / Introduction to PIT / Installing PIT from the Internet / Installing PIT from the CD-ROM / General Overview of PIT / Displaying Images / Histograms and Scatter Plots / Ratioing and Principal Components / Unsupervised Classifications / Supervised Classifications / Conclusion

### Appendix C: Principal Components Analysis
Guest Writer: Dr. Jon W Robinson

> Introduction / Linear Combinations / Singular Matrices / Space / Standardizing Sets

### Appendix D: Glossary
Guest Writer: J. Weissel

###

Direct any questions concerning Tutorial Content to the Primary Author: Nicholas M. Short, Sr. email: nmshort@ptd.net

Contributor Information

Last Updated: November 1, 2003

The Tutorial is hosted by the EOS-Goddard Program Office (Code 420). Please direct any questions or comments regarding the Website to John Bolton of that office.