Our sojourn across the U.S., going from east to west, begins at Boston. The Landsat image covers that city, eastern Massachusetts, Cape Cod, and Providence in Rhode Island. The geology of this region is governed by ancient crystalline rocks that form the lower units in the now much-eroded eastern Appalachian mountain system. The entire region has been glaciated.

### Boston, Massachusetts and New England

With this framework for describing and interpreting the various landscapes that make the U.S. so picturesque, we now embark on a simulated flight over the continent, using mainly Landsat images to portray typical surfaces in many of the provinces discussed above. We start on the East Coast in Massachusetts and proceed westward along a meandering line that brings us into northern California. Two of the images deviate south of that line but were chosen because they are excellent examples of the terrains and land uses in the provinces they represent. We recommend that you keep an atlas nearby to help in locating the features mentioned in the descriptions that follow. We do not provide maps for the tutorial. We think this self effort is good practice for learning how to relate space imagery to geographic data sources.)

6-3: For this Boston image, and all subsequent ones examined during this transcontinental overflight, locate the scene in your atlas. This will aid in correlating text to geography as mapped. ANSWER

The next scene lies within the New England Maritime physiographic province.

6-4: Locate the town of Plymouth in Massachusetts; what famous event happened there? Is Gloucester in the image; where? ANSWER

6-5: Out in the ocean north of Sandy Hook is a peculiar curved cloud pattern. It is probably not a natural cloud. Speculate on what might have caused it. ANSWER

Geologically, this region is part of the Appalachian Mountain Belt that passes northward through Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Most of the rocks underlying the province are igneous and metamorphic. We usually associate these rock types with the deeper parts of an orogenic belt, where temperatures and pressures were higher during their formation. Their presence at the surface today implies extensive erosion that stripped away the overlying sedimentary rock units after the main episode(s) of mountain-building and uplift. The landscapes typical of New England resemble parts of the Canadian Shield. Flatter areas are interspersed with low mountains, although peaks, such as Mt. Washington in New Hampshire and Mt. Katahdin in Maine, reach elevations exceeding 1,890 m (6,200 ft) and 1,590 m (5,200 ft), respectively. The rocky soils in the region do not favor farming, so that much of the land remains in forests. The predominance of deciduous trees accounts for the widespread reds in this false color composite (above). Most of New England experienced one or more advances of the Pleistocene continental glaciers that removed soils, laid down deposits, and carved out lakes.

The most conspicuous feature in this scene is Cape Cod, an east-west landmass built from extensive end morainal deposits that mark the southern boundaries showing how far glacial ice sheets advanced. The sharp bend that ends at Sandy Hook represents. in part, modifications brought on by ocean-wave action. South of the Cape are the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, also originating from fluvioglacial action. Lowlands associated with drowned rivers make up Buzzards Bay off the west end of the Cape and Narragansett Bay below Providence, Rhode Island.

The bluish area along the Massachusetts coast is the central part of greater Boston whose harbor lies within Boston Bay. As seen by the Landsat-4 TM, that area looks like this:

This map of Greater Boston should help you to get your bearings. Fit the scene above and the scene below in it.

An astronaut photo taken from the International Space Station shows inner Boston in some detail. The center of the city is the Boston Commons; the large Logan Airport makes this a frequent destination for travelers, including those going to Europe. The Battle of Bunker Hill (actually Breed's Hill) was fought within this scene. Find a map of downtown Boston to locate this site of a Yankee Victory that ended with the British overrunning the colonials' fortifications.

An aerial oblique photo shows the downtown area, the Boston Commons, Back Bay, and the John Hancock building (foreground).

The writer (NMS) would be remiss if I miss the opportunity to show my last Alma Mater, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where I was awarded the Ph.D. in 1958. Here is a 2 meter color image made by IKONOS.

Near the bottom left of the first Landsat scene above is another large blue area - the characteristic signature of a metropolitan region. Its location on Naragansett Bay gives its identity away - it is Providence, capital of Rhode Island, the U.S.'s smallest state. Here is a picture of its downtown buildings:

Primary Author: Nicholas M. Short, Sr. email: nmshort@ptd.net